Master's dissertation developed in the Postgraduate Course in Production Engineering at the Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, completed at the end of 2011, which, due to the volume of information and with the help of the other authors, was transformed into this work, which goes far beyond just providing technical information such as taxonomic aspects, productivity, soil, nutrition, planting systems and times, physiological aspects, etc? it also includes the stages in the production process of brandy and ethyl alcohol, a history of the evolution of sugar cane cultivation in Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul and a complete analysis of experiments carried out at the Federal University of Santa Maria, in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul. The content is aimed not only at specialists in the subject, but also at anyone interested in learning more about the diversity of sugarcane produced in this region. In short, this book is a complete work for anyone who wants to learn about sugar cane and all the potential that this crop has. It is hoped that this book will serve as a reference and inspiration for many other works on the subject.