In the last two decades the teaching profession has increasingly lost autonomy and become subject to political change that has introduced a market orientation to both educational organisation and culture. The stages that the teaching profession has gone through can be characterised as: pre-professional; autonomy; collegial and the post-professional age. This book explores both the Anglo-American curriculum tradition and the central European ¿didactic-tradition¿ which have had an impact on these processes. Against this backdrop, the book provides an international overview as well as deeper insight into national and local practices. Based on ethnographic case studies each chapter makes its own unique contribution by exploring empirical data and discussing theoretical possibilities related to the common current question, namely what it means to be a professional teacher in the post-modern era of professionalism The broad argument is that global movements in education policy have generated widely accepted discourses of performativity and educational effectiveness that have had pedagogical effects. The book attempts to deconstruct prevailing discourses and to develop an understanding of the complexity of educational politics and pedagogical and social relations. It is argued here that the consequences can be regarded as a contribution to both professionalisation and a substantial de-professionalisation of teachers. Against this backdrop the book provides a critical wake-up call and a reminder of the need for serious debate about what kind of education is desirable for the twenty-first century and what kind of professional organisations and teachers are needed for the task.